The study finds that GBVO in Syria is not a series of one‑off attacks, but a normalized and systemic pattern. Abuse is widespread across platforms and communities and cuts across different political and social divides.
Women who post opinions, appear in media, run small businesses or simply share photos can be targeted. Many respondents described online abuse as an expected “cost” of visibility: something every woman must factor in before speaking or working online. This normalization makes abuse harder to challenge and easier to ignore.