7. Recommendations 7. Recommendations Based on the evidence and conclusions presented, the ­following actionable recommendations are proposed for key stakeholders. These are designed to be strategic, context-aware, and aligned with a gender-transformative approach that seeks to address root causes while providing immediate support to survivors. To be actionable in Syria’s constrained and fragmented operating environment, the recommendations below should be approached as a sequenced package rather than as a menu of standalone actions. The findings show that GBVO is sustained by mutually reinforcing drivers: platform affordances and governance gaps, weak institutional accountability, and social norms that normalize disciplining women’s visibility. Addressing only one layer, such as digital safety skills for individuals, will reduce harm for some survivors but will not shift the conditions that make GBVO predictable and widespread. ­Effective response therefore requires parallel movement on 1) ­prevention and norm change, 2) safer media and ­platform practices, and 3) credible support and accountability pathways. A practical way to implement these recommendations is to prioritize early actions that reduce immediate risk while building toward longer-term structural change: 1. Establish minimum duty-of-care standards in institutions that shape visibility (especially media organizations and civil society networks). This includes internal response protocols, confidential reporting channels, and active moderation of official pages and ­comment sections. These steps can reduce amplification, ­provide immediate support, and signal that abuse is not tolerated. 2. Strengthen survivor-centered support options that are discreet and trusted. Given the evidence of low trust in formal reporting, support should not depend solely on police or courts. Instead, referral pathways can connect survivors to psychosocial support, digital safety assistance, and legal counseling in ways that protect confidentiality and minimize exposure, especially for cases involving blackmail or intimate image threats. 3. Develop accountability measures that are realistic under current constraints. Where legal recourse is weak or feared, accountability can also be pursued through institutional sanctions (banning offenders from media pages; formal responses by employers; documentation for advocacy), and through structured engagement with platforms to improve reporting responsiveness, content takedown practices, and context-sensitive moderation. 4. Embed learning and adaptation. Because perpetrator tactics evolve, particularly where manipulated content and coordinated campaigns are present, stakeholders should treat GBVO response as an iterative practice, regularly updating risk assessments, training materials, and moderation protocols based on documented trends and survivor feedback. This sequencing does not replace the stakeholder-specific recommendations below; it clarifies how to apply them in ways that match the study’s core finding: GBVO operates as a systemic mechanism of exclusion and must be met with systemic, coordinated countermeasures. 49

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