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معاينة عادية
of harmful engagement that targets women through gendered and sexualized abuse. In the Kurdishlanguage sample, the largest categories are Neutral and Different/Reject, but harmful content remains significant through offensive language and stigmatizing/dehumanizing frames, including accusations such as betrayal/treason. In the Arabic-language sample, harassment is a central feature of the environment, with high levels of political harassment and sexualized insults/harassment, alongside bullying, gender stereotyping, and a smaller yet visible presence of incitement to harm. The topic distribution further suggests that harmful narratives are often embedded within broader political debate (including party discourse and mobilization content), while women and gender also emerge as a significant thematic cluster in Arabic conversations highlighting that the legitimacy of women candidates is contested, not only politically, through their very gender itself. 71

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