Bibliography Abu Nada, Roa’a. “The Narrative of Blaming Victims: Public Trials of Femicide Victims.” Features. Jordan News, July 3, 2022. https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-106/Features/Thenarrative-of-blaming-victims-Public-trials-of-femicide-victims-18816. Aburumman, Mohammad, and Walid Alkhatib. Youth in Jordan. FES MENA Youth Study: Result Analysis. Freidrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2023. https://library.fes.de/pdffiles/bueros/amman/20346.pdf. Alodat, Abdelsalam M., Lamis F. Al-Qora’n, and Muwafaq Abu Hamoud. “Social Media Platforms and Political Participation: A Study of Jordanian Youth Engagement.” Social Sciences 12, no. 7 (2023): 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12070402. Arab Barometer. Arab Barometer Wave VIII. September 2023. https://www.arabbarometer.org/surveys/arab-barometer-wave-viii/. Center for Strategic Studies. Strengthening Civil Society Organizations in Jordan Towards Better Influencing on the Democratization Process. 2021. https://jcss.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/11/Political-Participation-and-Promotion-of-Democracy-Roleof-Civil-Society-Organizations-in-Jordan-Quantitative-Report-Qararuna.pdf. De Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. Jonathan Cape, 1956. Hassan, Robert. The Condition of Digitality: A Post-Modern Marxism for the Practice of Digital Life. University of Westminster Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.16997/book44. Hodson, Gordon, Jonathan Rush, and Cara C. MacInnis. “A Joke Is Just a Joke (except When It Isn’t): Cavalier Humor Beliefs Facilitate the Expression of Group Dominance Motives.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 99, no. 4 (2010): 660–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019627. Legal Information Institute. “Defamation.” Cornell Law School. Accessed October 1, 2025. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/defamation. Mossberger, Karen, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Ramona S. McNeal. Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2010. Norris, Pippa. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge University Press, 2011. OECD. Empowering Youth and Building Trust in Jordan. OECD Public Governance Reviews. OECD, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1787/8b14d38f-en. Pech, Laurent. “The Concept of Chilling Effect.” Open Society Eruropean Policy Institute, 2021. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/c8c58ad3-fd6e-4b2d-99fad8864355b638/the-concept-of-chilling-effect-20210322.pdf. Posetti, Julie, Nabeelah Shabbir, Diana Maynard, Kalina Bontcheva, and Nermine Aboulez. The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence Against Women Journalists; Research Discussion Paper. Programme and meeting document. UNESCO, 2021. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377223. Schauer, Frederick. “Fear, Risk and the First Amendment: Unraveling the Chilling Effect.” College of William & Mary Law School, 1978. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/879. Siregar, Yuanita Aprilandini, Ubedillah Badun, and Francisia Saveria Sika Ery Seda. “Digital Patriarchy on Arab Women in Urban Area:” Proceedings of the 3rd International 26

Select target paragraph3