2. Methodology 2. Methodology This study was designed to develop a nuanced, contextsensitive understanding of GBVO in Syria. Recognizing the sensitive and politicized nature of the topic, the research adopted an applied, exploratory mixed-methods approach grounded in principles of feminist and ethical inquiry (Ellsberg and Heise, 2013; Hesse-Biber, 2023). The aim was not merely to document incidents but to uncover the lived realities of affected women, the institutional responses and the sociocultural narratives that sustain digital harm. The methodology was built on three interdependent phases: a comprehensive desk review, in-depth qualitative fieldwork, and a rigorous multi-method analysis, all framed within a gender-transformative, rights-based, and ­conflict-sensitive lens. 2.1 Study design overview The research is positioned within the tradition of applied social research, where inquiry is directed toward generating actionable knowledge for program and policy intervention (Creswell and Poth, 2018). The design is qualitatively driven and exploratory, intended to map a complex phenomenon in a fragile context where quantitative data is scarce and risky to collect. It is structured around three analytical ­pillars that guide both data collection and interpretation: 1. A diagnostic mapping of GBVO’s forms, prevalence, and digital geography within Syria. 2. An analytical investigation of the drivers, enabling ­narratives, and institutional responses surrounding online violence. 3. A formative assessment of impacts and pathways for change, leading to survivor- and expert-informed recommendations. This tripartite structure ensures the study serves both scholarly and practical purposes, providing DW Akademie and a wide range of international stakeholders with a robust evidence base for its initiatives while contributing to the academic literature on technology-facilitated gender-based violence in conflict settings (Henry and Powell, 2018). 13

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