DW Akademie Study Safer platforms, stronger participation Another case is journalist Yara Halabi, who presented an episode about the women of Sweida who have been kidnapped, raped, and forcibly disappeared. Comments used accusatory, rhetorical questions portraying her as a traitor or collaborator, linking her to alleged support for Israel and disregarding violations committed by Al-Hijri (Druze’s Spiritual leader) against Bedouins and Bedouin women, for example: “Where is the girl from Sweida among those who raise the Israeli flag in Al-Karama Square and demand independence from Syria? And where is she in relation to the crimes of al-Hijri against the Bedouins, such as beheadings, the rape of Bedouin women, and their expulsion from Sweida after the rapes and detention? Where is the Syrian Observatory? And where is the girl from Sweida in the face of the crimes of al-Hijri and his followers?”. God damn her. That’s how women’s rights organizations are, defending any woman except chaste Muslim women. Like their Western masters, they don’t care about the hundreds of thousands of Muslim women who have been killed in Syria or tortured in prisons. The only thing that concerns them is the following question: Will women wear the hijab? Although high‑profile campaigns against Ziena Shahla, Farah Yousef, and Hiba Ezeldin attract public attention and fuel further gender‑based violence and online hate Women should first learn to walk on the street before learning to drive the car. I think it is better for you to devote your attention to your children and home only and leave driving to men. The original role of a woman is to stay at home. A woman's place is in the kitchen, not among men. Another example is Hiba Ezeldin who leads a women’s‑rights organization and has publicly criticized forced marriages and discussed dress‑code policies in women‑only spaces, which opponents have seized on and distorted to claim she insults Islamic norms (Front Line Defenders, 2025). Examples of GBVO comments against her include “God damn her. That’s how women’s rights organizations are, defending any woman except chaste Muslim women. Like their Western masters, they don’t care about the hundreds of thousands of Muslim women who have been killed in Syria or tortured in prisons. The only thing that concerns them is the following question: Will women wear the hijab?”. As in the case of Ziena Shahla, Hiba Ezeldin threats affected her real life where she had to close her social media accounts until her life was secured and the “trend” was over. 3.5.3 Spread of appearance-based ­harassment regardless of dress or status speech, many GBVO incidents never surface because survivors stay silent to avoid escalation. Our monitoring indicates that perpetrators do not restrict their attacks to a single profile: women who are conservative and ­non‑conservative, prominent and less visible, are all targeted. There is no consistent correlation between a woman’s dress or social status and the likelihood of being attacked; instead, attackers exploit whatever vulnerabilities will most effectively shame or delegitimize the target. Online abuse frequently combines sexualized offenses with sectarian and political accusations to maximize harm and social exclusion. For example, Latifa Al‑Droubi (Syria’s First Lady) has been subjected to explicitly sexual and derogatory language intended to humiliate and erase her credibility. These patterns show that GBVO functions both as immediate personal violence and as a broader tactic of social control: by shaming individual women, attackers aim to deter other women from speaking out or participating in public life. Comments include: “Latifa Aldroubi, she looks like a man,” “Latifa Al-Droubi is a whore,” and “Her moustache is longer than mine.” 3.5.4 Using GBVO to marginalize women’s presence in the public sphere Commentary marginalized women’s presence in public life by combining sarcasm, moral policing and outright exclusion. Many voices mocked women drivers as a social inconvenience or joked that women should master walking the street before learning to drive, while others insisted women belonged at home and should prioritize childcare over public mobility. Some accepted limited mobility only under strict conditions, no mingling with men and demonstrable “responsibility”, and a minority escalated to dehumanizing rhetoric that framed women as a social threat. Examples captured in the scans included comments such as: “Women should first learn to walk on the street before 26

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