7. Recommendations 7.3 For policymakers and legal actors Creating an environment of accountability requires ­decisive action from state authorities and the judicial system. 1. Reform and enforce legal frameworks – Enact or revise cybercrime and electronic transactions laws to explicitly criminalize all forms of GBVO, including non-consensual image sharing, doxxing, cyberstalking, and online threats of sexual or gendered violence. Ensure definitions are clear and penalties are proportionate and dissuasive. – Harmonize legislation to ensure that GBVO is recognized as a form of gender-based violence within broader GBV and anti-discrimination laws. 2. Build specialized institutional capacity – Establish dedicated cybercrime units within law enforcement agencies staffed by officers trained in digital forensics and trauma-informed, ­gender-­sensitive investigation techniques. – Provide specialized training for judges and prosecutors on the nature, impact, and legal adjudication of GBVO cases to ensure sensitive and effective handling in courts. 3. Promote multi-stakeholder governance and prevention – Initiate and fund national public awareness campaigns that shift social norms, challenge victim-blaming, educate the public on digital rights and responsibilities, and promote positive bystander intervention. – Facilitate formal dialogue and cooperation protocols between government agencies, social media platforms, and civil society to improve the reporting and processing of GBVO cases originating in Syria. – Allocate funds to support independent research and data collection on GBVO to continuously inform evidence-based policy and monitor the effectiveness of interventions. 51

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