TF GBV Knowledge Hub

الغرض من معجم العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي الميسّر من التكنولوجيا هو توفير مرجع واضح ومختصر موحّد لفهم المصطلحات والمفاهيم المتعلقة بالعنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي الميسّر من التكنولوجيا (TF GBV). ويهدف إلى تعزيز الوعي بالأشكال والمصطلحات المختلفة للعنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي الميسّر من التكنولوجيات، وتعزيز تناسق اللغة عبر القطاعات. يُعدّ المعجم أيضًا مصدرًا قيّمًا للباحثين ومقدّمي الخدمات والعاملين في وسائل الإعلام، إذ يمكنهم الاستناد عليه في عملهم لتحسين التدخل، بينما يمكن للضحايا والناجين بمساعدتهم في التعرّف على الأشكال المختلفة للعنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي الميسّر من التكنولوجيا (TF GBV).

Violence against women in Egypt is escalating, and one indicator of this is the noticeable surge in femicides recently, as reported in mainstream media. This also coincides with a marked escalation in digital violence against women, which is seen as a natural reflection of the overall rise in violence against them. This study aims to explore and understand this noticeable escalation of digital violence in Egypt. It begins by reviewing the available literature on the subject, followed by a survey based on data collection from women who use the internet and have experienced digital violence.

This study investigates the status of the digital divide among Jordanian Telecentres. This study aims to analyze the impact of the perceived usefulness, the perceived ease of use, and the facilitating conditions on employees' behavioral intention. In addition, the study investigates the effect of the three mentioned factors on user acceptance while the behavioral intention on user acceptance is used as a mediating factor. The proposed research model was validated by distributing 150 survey questionnaires to the Telecentres in Jordan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the results. One of the main limitations of this study is that the results cannot be universal since the study was limited to Jordan. A similar study needs to be conducted in different courtiers to either support or negate our results.

this report highlights the serious and often underestimated impacts of Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV) on women and girls. While TFGBV may be perceived as less harmful than offline violence, it has profound consequences for survivors, both mentally and physically, as well as The effects of TFGBV extend beyond personal harm to economic and professional realms. Women who depend on online spaces for work can face significant setbacks, losing economic opportunities and access to resources. Moreover, TFGBV silences women in online spaces, restricting their ability to participate in public, political, and leadership roles. This suppression reinforces patriarchal norms and structures, hindering progress toward gender equality and obstructing the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

This exploratory study provides an in-depth analysis of the reality of Tunisian female journalists in the digital space regarding the violence they face, by diagnosing individual and collective cases and gathering information that enables an understanding of the factors causing the violence, and subsequently arriving at accurate findings and treatments.

Male and female children's opinions about the rights they have or lack in the Jordanian municipalities where they reside are documented and reviewed in this study. It seeks to strengthen children's voices, highlighting their thoughts in order to learn about their beliefs and goals, and listening to their recommendations and suggestions regarding the most significant issues and challenges they encounter. It then relays these suggestions and recommendations to CRC in the children's own words, free from the influence of older individuals.

This report analyzes the civil society sectors in nine countries: Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine. This 26th edition highlights the challenges and developments faced by CSOs in 2022, particularly in light of the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, which significantly impacted the region's socio-political landscape.

This paper seeks to highlight the experiences and aspirations of young women and feminist activists in the MENA region around digital spaces, safety, and rights. It explores individual women’s experiences engaging with the digital world, the opportunities and challenges that women’s rights and feminist organizations find in these platforms, and the digital world as a space of resistance, despite restrictions on civic space. Drawing on interviews with feminist activists from the region, the paper sheds light on women’s online experiences and related offline risks and illustrates patterns and behaviors that prevailed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

this paper is the outcome of multimethod research carried out between July 2021 and February 2022 at EU-27, international and national levels. it addressed challenges related to the conceptualization of CVAWG as an actual form of gender-based violence with a tangible cost to victims and society. With a systematic focus on current rent definitions and legislation. it identified how cyber violence is currently tackled at EU, international, and national levels. this report focuses on (1) cyber stalking, (2) cyber harassment, (3) cyber bullying, (4) online gender-based hate speech and (5) non-consensual intimate image abuse.

This chapter argues that technology contributes to increasing cyber violence against women and girls which in turn leads to severe social and economic implications affecting them. It also argues that legislative and policy reforms can limit this type of violence while enabling women and girls to leverage technology for empowerment. It highlights cases of cyber violence in the Arab region and provides an overview of applicable legislative frameworks. The chapter concludes with recommended policy reforms and measures to strengthen and harmonize efforts to combat cyber violence against women and girls in the Arab region.

This research was based on an online survey titled ‘Household responsibilities during the COVID-19 lockdown distributed via Google Forms and filled out by respondents in May 2020.and Research shows that women’s economic empowerment is not only central to realizing gender equality but directly impacts economic growth. Women’s higher labor force participation means higher productivity, increased economic diversification and positive development outcomes. Additionally, the economic empowerment of women increases their access to and control over productive resources and enhances their economic decision making at all levels.

This research was based on an online survey titled ‘Household responsibilities during the COVID-19 lockdown distributed via Google Forms and filled out by respondents in May 2020.and Research shows that women’s economic empowerment is not only central to realizing gender equality but directly impacts economic growth. Women’s higher labor force participation means higher productivity, increased economic diversification and positive development outcomes. Additionally, the economic empowerment of women increases their access to and control over productive resources and enhances their economic decision making at all levels.

The study employs feminist critical discourse analysis to examine the nature, prevalence, and impacts of cyberviolence, using qualitative methods that analyze social media posts and news articles. Key objectives include identifying various forms of cyberviolence, understanding underlying factors, and assessing the role of social media in enabling abusive behaviors. While acknowledging limitations such as the potential underrepresentation of female voices and reliance on public data, the study aims to provide culturally relevant recommendations for prevention and intervention strategies, contributing to the global discourse on addressing cyberviolence against women.

This report shares the findings of a study on technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) in seven countries: Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda. It looks at the nature of TFGBV and its impacts, revealing how local contexts, culture, and legislation affect how violence is perpetrated and experienced, as well as how people access accountability and justice, or avoid or are prevented from doing so. The study also examines the effectiveness of efforts to prevent and mitigate TFGBV and offers recommendations for how nations, organisations and communities can take action.

this report will provide an overview of the impact of pursuing activism on WHRDs within the context of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. It will also explain some of the familial, societal, and state related risks facing WHRDs and their adverse mental health outcomes. It will also introduce some of the serious implications on WHRDs, as documented by GCHR over the years, many of whom sustained severe mental illnesses due to threats, persecution, and abandonment of their communities and supporting families.

this report contains all the latest data, insights, and trends that helps understand how people in Jordanuse digital devices and services in 2023.

this report contains all the latest data, insights, and trends that helps understand how people in Jordanuse digital devices and services in 2024.

this report contains all the latest data, insights, and trends that helps understand how people in Jordanuse digital devices and services in 2025.

in this research paper ‘’Digital Feminist Activism’’, authors explore how digital tools are being used to challenge rape culture and also map the experiences of those involved. They argue that engaging with feminism via digital technologies transforms the participants’ lives, confirming that digital platforms give people an opportunity to ‘’voice previously hidden experiences of sexual violence, making sure they are seen, heard, and validated’’

This manual has been carefully crafted to address the unique challenges and opportunities faced by adolescent girls in Lebanon concerning digital safety and security. By providing practical guidance and insights, we aim to foster a sense of confidence and resilience, ensuring that these young minds can harness the positive aspects of the digital realm while safeguarding themselves from potential risks.

This research paper examines the alarming escalation of digital violence against women in six conflict-affected countries in the Middle East and North Africa region: Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, and Palestine. Drawing on field studies supported by the foundation, the paper reveals how the digital space is weaponized to silence women, particularly those active in public life.

In patriarchal societies torn apart by wars, extremism, and political instability, digital platforms have become new battlefields where women are targeted with harassment, threats, and exclusion from public discourse. Widows in camps, activists in exile, journalists, athletes, and influencers all face compounded risks. The paper illustrates how state and non-state actors exploit digital tools to defame, control, and punish women, amid the failure of social media platforms to respond effectively.

The author calls for a multi-sectoral action plan that includes: strengthening legal frameworks, spreading digital awareness, providing psychological and social support, and holding tech companies accountable. Combating digital violence is not merely an issue of individual security, but a fundamental human rights issue in regions striving for peace and justice.

This paper examines digital violence against women (DVAW) in conflict zones in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It uses Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Sudan, Libya and Palestine as models for study. Since the outbreak of the "Arab Spring" in 2011, many MENA countries have witnessed unprecedented political, economic and social transformations. These shifts have led to political instability in countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and Algeria. Others have slipped into civil wars and armed conflicts, including the countries examined in this paper. The Palestinian case is distinct, as its conflict is not internal but rather a territorial dispute with the occupying state of Israel stretching over more than 70 years. The paper is based on a series of 20+ studies of DVAW in the MENA region, conducted between 2022 and 2024 by The SecDev Foundation, most with support from the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC). This series includes eight studies on our six focus countries, all published on SecDev’s website. Seven additional in-depth reports were produced in partnership between SecDev and the Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ), and these are available on the ARIJ website.

This study aims to analyze the nature and repercussions of digital violence faced by Palestinian women on the internet, focusing on how violence interacts with social and cultural aspects within a complex colonial context and how it affects their lives and experiences. It also seeks to deconstruct the intersections of digital violence and identify the layers that hinder their ability as Palestinian women to effectively confront this violence. In addition, it aims to identify the factors that make Palestinian women more vulnerable to digital assaults by individuals, groups, or organized entities amidst multiple political authorities and the fragmentation of the actual Palestinian presence.

This study comes as a response to a cognitive need to expand the understanding of the phenomenon of digital violence and its impact on women, in light of the scarcity of information in this field, particularly regarding the reality of women and the various systems they deal with according to the different authorities across historic Palestine, which include three different authorities: the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, the Israeli government within historic Palestine and Jerusalem, and the Gaza government in the Strip.

In a world where digital environments and societies have expanded globally, phenomena linked to this expansion have emerged, including digital violence. Although men are also exposed to digital violence, various studies and research have proven that women are targeted to a greater and more comprehensive extent. Women suffer significantly more from harassment in various forms, including threats, extortion, and defamation, simply because they are women, across different countries around the world, including Iraq. This is in addition to the spread of hate speech against women, particularly female activists in the public sphere and human rights/women's rights defenders specifically, a phenomenon sometimes attributed to societal culture and social customs.

This paper features a study on the reality of legal texts and the handling of cybercrimes in Jordan regarding violence against women. It also includes an examination of the legal and institutional framework related to digital violence in Jordan, which encompasses a review of various international treaties ratified by the Jordanian government, as well as the national laws and legislations adopted in adjudicating digital crimes, enriched by judicial precedent in this field. كما يشمل عكساً لشهادات من أهل الاختصاص/ المتدخلين المباشرين في مكافحة الجريمة السيبرانية من قضاة، محامين/محاميات وأمنيين حول صعوبة التعاطي مع قضايا العنف الرقمي المبني على النوع الاجتماعي في غياب نصوص قانونية مختصة، ومقترحاتهم في هذا المجال. خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى أنه إذا كانت المنظومة التشريعية والقانونية تفتقر إلى نصوص خاصة وواضحة تحمي النساء من العنف السيبراني القائم على النوع الإجتماعي، فإن المشرع والقاضي بإمكانهم الاستناد إلى مبادئ المساواة والحماية في الفقه الدستوري وبعض النصوص في القوانين المختلفة لتجريم العنف الرقمي ضد النساء بالإضافة إلى السياسات والاستراتيجيات الوطنية والمعاهدات الدولية التي صادقت عليها الأردن.

This study addresses the social and psychological impacts of digital violence on women and girls in Jordan. Digital violence is considered a serious issue with increasingly negative effects, especially with the growing spread of technology. The problem is exacerbated in many countries due to a lack of awareness about digital safety measures, coupled with weak legislation and laws that criminalize this type of violence. Reporting digital violence is also limited due to a societal culture that often tolerates such behavior, particularly when it targets women. At the same time, many women fear reporting incidents of digital violence, as they are frequently blamed and held responsible for the harassment they experience online.

This study aims to analyze and understand digital violence against women in Lebanon, and to provide recommendations for combating it and protecting individuals' rights in the digital space. The study highlights the legal and judicial realities surrounding digital violence, as well as the role of security institutions and civil society in providing protection and addressing cybercrimes. By focusing on legal legislation, awareness, and psychological and legal support for victims, the study seeks to enhance awareness and prevention of digital violence, and to foster international cooperation in this regard

This research is an attempt to understand the situation of women within the digital space in Morocco amidst these major technological changes and the challenges they bring, in light of the important legislation enacted by the Kingdom to counter this sweeping threat. The research therefore aims to identify the nature of digital violence facing women in Morocco, its impact on them, and their level of awareness regarding the laws that could provide them with protection, and subsequently to propose solutions that may curb its escalation.

The research adopted a mixed methodology that combined a questionnaire—with 108 female participants of all ages, educational and social backgrounds, belonging to both urban (74 women) and rural (30) areas—along with 14 interviews. These interviews included, on the one hand, female and male actors and activists in professional and intellectual fields whose work relates to the issue of digital violence against women, and on the other hand, female survivors of digital violence who agreed to share their experiences with us, in order to provide us with an inside perspective on the experience of violence practiced against women in the virtual world from both urban and rural areas.

This research aims to investigate the reality of digital violence directed against women in Syria, starting from the general context and the surrounding legal and institutional framework, and concluding with the testimonies of women themselves and stakeholders regarding its prevalence, key manifestations, resulting impact and harm, as well as potential solutions to mitigate it from the perspective of active women leaders in the public sphere in Syria. It also examines these women's experiences with digital violence through in-depth case studies that descriptively and personally embody the human story behind the deduced figures and percentages.

This study explores the manifestations of digital violence directed against women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, determining its context, prevalence, harms, reactions to it, and the available tools and mechanisms to confront it, followed by proposed solutions to combat this modern type of violence. It is therefore one of the rare specialized studies in this field that will contribute to providing a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon by listening to women's voices and reviewing their experiences.

This research explores the common forms of digital violence faced by women in the United Arab Emirates (both citizens and Arab expatriates), examines the driving forces behind incidents of digital violence against women, women's reactions to them, the impact of digital violence on their mental and physical health, and the available avenues of support—whether technical, legal, or psycho-social. The research also aims to identify accessible solutions for women to recommend in order to reduce digital violence and keep women and girls safe online.

The war in Yemen has contributed to exacerbating violence against women in Yemen, particularly that directed at female leaders, and has spilled directly into the digital world, driving many activists to refrain from participating effectively online. Furthermore, the absence of legal frameworks and state institutions has contributed to an increase in electronic extortion aimed at obtaining money, particularly targeting women. This is a field study that included a purposive sample of 41 women from five Yemeni governorates who were subjected to various forms of digital violence. The questionnaire results were also reflected upon alongside conclusions drawn from desk research, the researcher's expertise, and in-depth personal interviews with two cases studied in greater detail within this research.

This study reviews the reality of digital violence against women in Libya in terms of severity, impact, and solutions through in-depth qualitative interviews with twelve Libyan women leaders who have experienced digital violence because of being women. The study concluded that many women leaders or activists in the public field in Libya are subjected to gender-based digital violence, which mostly targets them in an organized manner through campaigns because they threaten the balance of power in the public sphere. Women also face compounded gender-based violence that intersects with other affiliations, whether ethnic, ideological, political, or related to appearance.

Due to the Syrian war for more than a decade, camps restricted to widowed and divorced women have emerged, dubbed "widows' camps." These are home to tens of thousands of widows and other women who face compound challenges. In addition to the difficulty of living in camps generally—especially with the decline of camp support in Syria—women in widows' camps experience compounded violence, as they are considered easy targets for abusers, particularly through digital means. This study explores the dimensions of digital violence experienced by a number of residents in widows' camps while providing recommendations for stakeholders to protect women and make the digital space safer.

This report documents women's experiences with digital violence in Kuwait, highlighting the psychological and social impacts on the victims, and the gender power dynamics that shape the experience. It is based on primary research, in addition to a literature review.

this discussion paper, focuses on Facebook’s Arabic algorithmic content moderation, aiming to understand when AI takes down content, and whether Facebook over-moderates or under-moderates Arabic. It only focuses on Facebook. because it is the most impactful social media platform in the Arab world, with far more complaints and controversy.it is considered the most restrictive in terms of moderating Arabic content it also focuses on political content, is the most controversial, and subjected to a significant number of takedowns and restrictions in the last five years.

This report is among the Government’s efforts to provide evidence based on the wider economic costs of violence against women and girls on women and girls, households, and the economy, as well as the costs of providing services to survivors of such violence in Jordan.

The report examines technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) in Jordan, focusing on electronic dating violence among female university students. It highlights the prevalence of psychological, emotional, and physical abuse, driven by societal norms that favor male dominance. Victims often suffer severe emotional and behavioral consequences, including anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts. Cultural stigmas prevent victims from seeking help, and coping strategies vary, including seeking support from female professors or using technical solutions to block abusers.

This research summary report discusses the barriers and enablers to women’s career advancement in Jordan's public and private health sectors. The research used a mixed-methods design utilizing quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. The study included female and male health professionals from various health sectors (the Ministry of Health, university hospitals, and the private sector) and from a range of health professions (including physicians, registered nurses/midwives, and pharmacists). Research tools included structured questionnaires for the quantitative research, which surveyed a total of 2,082 female health professionals and 1,100 male health professionals, and semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to obtain qualitative findings from 103 individuals.

This Handbook presents a theoretical and practical approach to conducting social science research on, for, and about women. It develops an understanding of feminist research by introducing a range of feminist epistemologies, methodologies, and emergent methods that have significantly impacted feminist research practice and women's studies scholarship. Contributors to the Second Edition continue to highlight the close link between feminist research and social change and transformation.

The new edition expands the base of scholarship into new areas, with 12 entirely new chapters on topics such as the natural sciences, social work, the health sciences, and environmental studies. It extends the discussion of the intersections of race, class, gender, and globalization, as well as transgender, transsexualism, and the queering of gender identities. All 22 chapters retained from the first edition are updated with the most current scholarship, including a focus on the role that new technologies play in the feminist research process.

The report on cyber gender-based violence in East Amman highlights increased risks for women and girls, emphasizing online harassment and abuse via social media as significant concerns. It identifies barriers to accessing support and calls for improved digital literacy and awareness to address these issues effectively. The report stresses the need for enhanced services and community engagement to combat technology-facilitated violence.

In this report, the Special Rapporteur finds that despite the impressive gains made by women, gender equality in freedom of expression remains a distant goal. Adopting a gender lens, she examines the challenges that women face, offline and online, and analyses the relevant legal standards and the responsibilities of States and companies.

Digital spaces have become vital arenas for democratic participation in Jordan, particularly for young women who face structural exclusion from traditional public life. Yet these same spaces are increasingly weaponized through Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV), a growing form of harm that undermines women’s safety, voice, and political agency.

The report maps legislative, institutional, and sociocultural barriers to reporting TFGBV in Jordan and offers actionable, multi-level recommendations for government institutions, the justice sector, civil society, digital platforms, and communities. It calls for gender-sensitive legal reform, survivor-centered reporting mechanisms, decentralized support services, and long-term social change to protect women’s rights online and safeguard the democratic potential of digital spaces.

This study aims to contribute to national and regional debates on youth, gender, digital governance, and democratic participation, reinforcing ARDD’s commitment to amplifying young people’s voices and advancing inclusive, rights-based democracies in the digital age.

highlights trends in gender-based violence (GBV) incidents reported by survivors to participating organizations in Jordan. It analyzes data to understand patterns of violence, with a focus on intimate partner violence and underscores the impact of funding and capacity challenges on reporting. The report aims to inform strategies for addressing GBV and supporting survivors.

highlights trends in gender-based violence (GBV) incidents reported by survivors to participating organizations in Jordan. It analyzes data to understand patterns of violence, with a focus on intimate partner violence and underscores the impact of funding and capacity challenges on reporting. The report aims to inform strategies for addressing GBV and supporting survivors.

Killings of women and children by family members in Jordanwere up by 94 percent in 2022 as opposed to the year prior, a report by the Jordanian Women's Solidarity Association revealed. The report, entitled "Until When?", showed that 35 women and children were killed by relatives that year, while six women and girls were killed by non-family members. The majority of women and children were killed by close family members, such as brothers and husbands.

This report reviews and maps current legislation pertain to online violence in the Arab States and outlines services provided by governments and CSOs to stop online and ICT-facilitated VAWG. It highlights international frameworks and practices related to responding to online and ICT-facilitated VAWG. The report relies mainly on secondary data to identify laws and services relevant to online and ICT-facilitated VAWG, and to highlight international and Arab States good practices in combating the phenomenon.

this discussion paper is a call for more, and better, data on TF GBV, the limited evidence base is not an excuse for delaying the creation of effective regulatory systems or holding back support for prevention and response initiatives. These are urgently required now. Researchers need to work with networks of feminist technologists, GBV service providers, civil society organizations, and governments to design regulatory spaces that reflect the evidence already available. Researchers also need to support these networks to generate evidence that can continually improve responses to TF GBV is in line with ever-evolving technologies and tactics, and that can increase understanding of whether and how interventions are working to make all spaces safe for all women and girls.

his research conducts a systematic review to analyze and categorize the functionality of apps designed to address violence against women. It finds that a significant portion of these apps focus on one-time emergency or avoidance solutions rather than preventative measures. The study highlights the need for further research, particularly in addressing concerns related to data security, personal safety, and the overall effectiveness of these mobile health interventions.

DW Akademie has published a new study on gender‑based violence online (GBVO) in Syria, showing how harassment, threats and blackmail on digital platforms are silencing women’s voices and pushing them out of public life. The study “Safer platforms, stronger participation – Mapping gender-based violence online in Syria,”, was conducted by the research organisation Ektimisi as part of DW Akademie’s project “Strong Female Voices for a United Syria”.  Using an exploratory mixed‑methods approach – desk review, interviews, focus groups and an exploratory scan of platforms such as Facebook and Telegram - the study finds that GBVO in Syria is not just isolated incidents but rather a systemic pattern of control.

In this report, DanChurchAid (DCA) outlines and provides recommendations on actions to be taken by tech sector platforms, states, and civil society to combat online harassment and ensure a strong, inclusive democratic debate online. The findings in this report highlight the necessity of addressing the harassment, censorship, and silencing of WHRDs on social media platforms, and suggest improvements in legislation, enforcement, and content moderation.

Online sexual coercion and extortion are some of the most common forms of online sexual violence that Egyptian women suffer from Therefore, Tadwein’s Center for gender studies has gathered and analyzed incidents of online sexual coercion and extortion in Egyptian society and that’s from the news published during the time period from 2019 to 2022

The report discusses online gender-based violence across eight MENA countries. It highlights widespread cyberstalking, harassment, and doxxing against women, often going unreported due to societal stigma and inadequate legal protections. In Jordan, these issues are exacerbated by patriarchal norms, with few women reporting incidents. The report emphasizes the need for improved legal frameworks and public awareness to combat this violence effectively. This issue reflects similar challenges faced throughout the MENA region.

This document examines the rise of online gender-based violence in low- and middle-income countries and its detrimental effects on young women's participation in digital sectors. While digital transformation offers new employment opportunities, especially for women overcoming time and mobility constraints, it also introduces risks such as online violence.

TFGBV affects millions of people, and the impact of TFGBV on women, girls, LGBTIQ+ persons, and other specifically exposed groups is profound and multifaceted. In a study from 2021, 60 percent of women in the Arab states reported experiencing some form of online harassment.3 Globally, different studies indicate that between 16-60 percent of women are affected.4 Looking specifically at women human rights defenders, activists, journalists and media workers, the number is as high as 70 percent.5 Perpetrators are often associated with anti-gender and anti-feminist individuals or groups, but can also be state agents or other users of ICT. This is why International Media Support (IMS), Jordan Open Source Association (JOSA), KVINFO and Tadwein set out to create an AI-powered tool for gendered hate speech detection in 2025, focusing on the Egyptian dialect of Arabic. The project has included collecting experiences from a pilot project in Jordan, a robust annotation process, focus group discussions with experts, training of trainers and many more elements, in order to produce an AI-model with high precision of detection and intuitive useability. The model includes features facilitating use for a range of tech savvy to non-tech interested activists, researchers, journalists and organisations.

In a world of rising calls for limits on hate speech, international human rights law provides standards to govern State and company approaches to online expression. In the report, submitted by the Human Rights Council resolution 34/18, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression explains how those standards provide a framework for Governments consider regulatory options and companies determine how to respect human rights online. The Special Rapporteur begins with an introduction to the international legal framework, focusing on United Nations treaties and the leading interpretations of provisions related to what is colloquially called “hate speech”. He then highlights key State obligations and addresses how content moderation by companies may ensure respect for the human rights of users and the public. He concludes with recommendations for States and companies.

In a world of rising calls for limits on hate speech, international human rights law provides standards to govern State and company approaches to online expression. In the report, submitted by the Human Rights Council resolution 34/18, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression explains how those standards provide a framework for Governments consider regulatory options and companies determine how to respect human rights online. The Special Rapporteur begins with an introduction to the international legal framework, focusing on United Nations treaties and the leading interpretations of provisions related to what is colloquially called “hate speech”. He then highlights key State obligations and addresses how content moderation by companies may ensure respect for the human rights of users and the public. He concludes with recommendations for States and companies.

The study sample includes a group of female political activists who are victims of digital violence in Tunisia, who have lived through various experiences via direct meetings, analyzing their digital footprint and comments on their online accounts, and drawing conclusions and recommendations within this framework.

As Jordan prepares for the local council elections expected in mid-2026, the experience of female candidates in the 2024 parliamentary elections stands out as a cautionary tale. Promises of equal political participation for women were marred by a wave of online abuse, disinformation, and coordinated smear campaigns targeting female candidates. Although electoral reforms helped open up more seats and enhance representation, the digital space turned into a battlefield where women's standing was undermined—not through the ballot box, but via widespread comments and organized attacks.

This report provides a comprehensive investigation into the patterns, sources, and impacts of digital violence experienced by women who ran in the 2024 parliamentary elections. Drawing on interviews with 167 female candidates, an analysis of over 141,000 Facebook comments, and field monitoring, the report not only documents this violence but also offers actionable strategies for preventing it as the 2026 elections approach.

Online violence has escalated, especially during the COVID-19 crisis, as digital spaces become integral to daily life. While it affects all users, women are disproportionately targeted, with certain groups—such as activists, women human rights defenders, and members of the LGBTIQ+ community—facing heightened risks. In the MENA region, the extent and diversity of online violence against women and girls remain underexplored. EuroMed Rights’ report, Spaces of Violence and Resistance: Women’s Rights in the Online World, examines trends across Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey, based on desk research and interviews with feminist activists

It addresses the issue of online harms, focusing specifically on technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) and violence against LGBTQ+ individuals. It is based on a comprehensive research project by the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Key points include:

1. Prevalence of Online Harms: The research highlights the widespread nature of online harassment, cyberstalking, and non-consensual sharing of intimate images, affecting women and LGBTQ+ individuals.
2. Impact Analysis: The document provides data showing that online harms disproportionately impact women, transgender, and gender-diverse individuals, leading to significant mental health issues and safety concerns.
3. Survey Findings: A large-scale international survey conducted across 18 countries, primarily in the Global South, reveals that a significant number of participants experienced various forms of online harm, with women and LGBTQ+ people reporting more severe impacts.
4. Policy Recommendations: The report offers policy suggestions aimed at governments, tech companies, and civil society organizations to improve digital safety. These include better regulation of social media platforms, educational initiatives, and stronger legal protections.
5. Intersectionality: The document emphasizes the compounded vulnerabilities faced by individuals who belong to multiple marginalized groups, such as women of color, LGBTQ+ individuals, and people with disabilities.

The study finds that GBVO in Syria is not a series of one‑off attacks, but a normalized and systemic pattern. Abuse is widespread across platforms and communities and cuts across different political and social divides. Women who post opinions, appear in media, run small businesses or simply share photos can be targeted. Many respondents described online abuse as an expected “cost” of visibility: something every woman must factor in before speaking or working online. This normalization makes abuse harder to challenge and easier to ignore.

different groups of people have specific vulnerabilities to online harassment,bullying and blackmail,and that the resources and support networks they have to address these forms of interpersonal cybercrime vary considerably. Women and girls,for instance,are most concerned about their online safety,particularly around sharing videos or photos of themselves,and they are often reluctant to report “honour” crimes,including those committed online.

different groups of people have specific vulnerabilities to online harassment,bullying and blackmail,and that the resources and support networks they have to address these forms of interpersonal cybercrime vary considerably. Women and girls,for instance,are most concerned about their online safety,particularly around sharing videos or photos of themselves,and they are often reluctant to report “honour” crimes,including those committed online.

The digital revolution holds the potential to advance women's and girls’ rights – from expanding access to educational and economic opportunities and enabling paths for political participation, to strengthening access to essential services and building transnational feminist communities. Yet, such benefits will be severely constrained for many as long as TF VAW remains unaddressed and underrecognized as a serious violation of women’s rights. Indeed, this paper reveals that women change their online behavior or stop using certain ICTs altogether due to TF VAW, exacerbating the global gender digital divide. TF VAW not only undercuts the potential benefits of the digital revolution, but it constitutes a direct violation of women’s rights and stymies progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. Furthermore, given the unique speed, reach, and ubiquity of today’s technologies, this form of violence also contributes to normalizing VAW and misogyny.

The purpose of a TF GBV glossary is to provide a clear concise and standardized reference for understanding the terms and concepts related to Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TF GBV) It aims to promote awareness of the various forms and terminologies of TF GBV foster consistency in language across sectors The glossary also serves as a valuable resource for researchers service providers and media actors to inform their work and improve interventions while empowering victims and survivors by helping them recognize various forms of TF GBV

The report covers technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) across multiple countries in the MENA Region. It highlights the high prevalence of cyberstalking, harassment, and online abuse faced by women. In Jordan, societal norms and limited legal protections contribute to underreporting, leaving victims vulnerable. Key findings include the need for better legal frameworks, increased public awareness, and comprehensive support services to effectively combat TFGBV in Jordanand similar issues in other MENA countries.

The legislative mapping report by the JordanOpen Source Association focuses on technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) in Jordan. It analyzes existing laws, including the Cybercrime Law, Penal Code, and Telecommunications Law, highlighting gaps and inconsistencies in addressing TFGBV. The report emphasizes the need for clearer definitions, stronger legal protections, and specialized training for law enforcement. It also recommends periodic legal reviews and the inclusion of gender-specific offenses to enhance the legal framework and better protect victims.

this research is about 1. Online violence against women journalists is one of the most serious contemporary threats to press freedom internationally. It aids and abets impunity for crimes against journalists, including physical assault and murder. It is designed to silence, humiliate, and discredit. It inflicts very real psychological injury, chills public interest journalism, kills women’s careers and deprives society of important voices and perspectives. 2. this research covers 15 countries. It is the most geographically, linguistically, and ethnically diverse scoping of the crisis conducted up until late 2022.

This study explores the impact of Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV) on survivors in Jordan, including feminist human rights activists and politicians, highlighting some of the challenges posed by digital forms of abuse. While technology offers many opportunities for connection and empowerment, it also creates new avenues for harassment, hate and misogyny. Drawing on qualitative research, this study examines the lived realities of survivors, the social and psychological consequences of TFGBV, the spillover effects into physical violence, and the gaps in legal and institutional responses. It underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies that address prevention, protection, and support for this type of violence. By documenting these experiences, it is our aim to alert policymakers, practitioners, and civil society actors about the serious challenge that TFGBV represents, thus hopefully contribute to more effective measures to put an end to TFGBV. We see this as crucial, since preventing TFGBV, protecting survivors and promoting digital safety is essential, not only for individual well-being but also for fostering an inclusive, equal and democratic society in Jordan.

The study was prepared between May 2024 and February 2025 by Jordan Open Source Association (JOSA) within the frames of the Human Rights and Inclusion Consortium (HRIC) under the Danish Arab Partnership Programme (DAPP), in cooperation with KVINFO - Center for Gender and Equality, funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark.

Please note that the views and information presented in this publication do not necessarily align with the official stance of KVINFO or any other partners. The responsibility for the contents and views articulated herein rests solely with the author.

The report highlights that in Jordan, online threats and cyber gender-based violence are significant issues. Women and girls face electronic stalking, blackmail, harassment, and spying. Cultural taboos lead to underreporting, as victims fear shame and retaliation. Only 8% of women would report cybercrimes, despite 75.9% experiencing sexual harassment. Awareness campaigns and stronger legal protections are needed to address these challenges and support victims effectively.

The report discusses the rise of technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) in Jordan, particularly exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online harassment, stalking, and sexual violence against women and girls have increased, with limited reporting due to societal stigma. UNFPA's initiatives, including podcasts and radio segments, aimed to raise awareness and provide support. The campaign emphasized community involvement and the need for comprehensive services to address and prevent TFGBV.

The following report examines patterns of Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV) targeting women candidates during the 2025 Iraqi parliamentary elections. The analysis focuses on how harmful narratives against women in politics emerge and evolve across different stages of the electoral cycle, including the campaign period, voting day, and post-election discussions. The findings in this report were derived using a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative digital monitoring and quantitative narrative analysis of publicly available social media content. Monitoring covered 160 social media pages across Arabic and Kurdish contexts between October 2025 and January 2026, including political accounts, media outlet accounts, accounts of electoral candidates, satirical accounts, and accounts linked to tribal and religious actors. The research team identified 137 Arabic language posts and 83 Kurdish language posts which targeted women candidates. In addition, the team analysed approximately 33,000 user comments (15,933 in Arabic and 17,452 in Kurdish) to understand how online audiences engage with election-related discussions about women candidates and how gender-based hostility appears within public digital discourse. The findings reveal that TFGBV against women in Iraqi politics functions as a continuous process that intensifies throughout the electoral cycle. Women candidates were repeatedly targeted through narratives cantered on morality, appearance, honour, accusations of corruption, and claims of quota manipulation, while their political programs and qualifications received limited attention. The analysis also reveals significant differences between the types of TFGBV in Arabic and Kurdish contexts. While Arabic content revealed higher levels of harassment and sexualized insults, Kurdish content demonstrated increased usage of discriminatory narratives, including accusations of treason and dehumanizing discourse. Although violent speech appears in a relatively small percentage of comments, when it does, it is severe and includes incitement to violence and/or sexual threats.

The International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) for the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) is a research project aimed at building an understanding of men’s and women’s practices related to gender equality. this report talks about gender equality in the Jordancontext, IMAGES and Jordan’s refugee context, IMAGES and the COVID-19 context in Jordan, and Gender-based violence as well as Domestic violence.

this research project explores the prevalence, impact, and consequences of online violence on women and girls in the Arab States, and the barriers women and girls survivors face to access services and reporting. The research project included three complementary components: a. A quantitative web-based survey in 8 countries in the region with nearly 11,500 respondents, examining the prevalence, perceptions, and implications of online violence. Qualitative research to explore experiences of online violence through the lens of civil society organizations (CSOs), women activists, and service providers; and c. a mapping of existing laws and services related to online violence against women in the region. This document summarizes the key findings of the research project study and presents new knowledge on violence against women in the online space in the Arab States.

This report aims to fill some of these research gaps and contribute to efforts to support refugee youth in realizing their potential in line with the commitments enshrined in the sustainable development goals to leave no one behind. This research focuses on male and female youth aged 15–24 years from Syrian and Palestinian refugee communities in Jordan, as well as vulnerable Jordanians in host communities, the report captures their aspirations and experiences in building independent and sustainable livelihoods. It incorporates a gender lens to identify and analyze the factors that promote or hinder youth participation in the labor market, paying particular attention to gender norms and roles.

تتناول هذه الدراسة أثر العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي على الناشطات النسويات في مجالي حقوق الإنسان والسياسات، وتسّلط الضوء على بعض التحديات التي تفرضها أشكال الإساءة الرقمية. ورغم ما تتيحه التكنولوجيا من فرص للتواصل والتمكين، فإنها تفتح في الوقت ذاته مجالات جديدة للتحرش، وخطاب الكراهية، والتمييز ضد النساء.

تعتمد هذه الدراسة على بحث نوعي يتناول تجارب الناجيات الحياتية، والآثار الاجتماعية والنفسية لهذا العنف، وما قد يترتب عليه من عنف جسدي، إلى جانب الثغرات في الاستجابات القانونية والمؤسسية. وتؤكد الدراسة على الحاجة المُلِحّة لوضع استراتيجيات شاملة تُعنى بالوقاية، والحماية، والدعم للتعامل مع هذا النوع من العنف.

من خلال توثيق هذه التجارب، نأمل أن نلفت انتباه صنّاع السياسات، والأخصائيين، والجهات الفاعلة في المجتمع المدني إلى التمييز الرقمي المبني على النوع الاجتماعي، بما يسهم في اتخاذ تدابير أكثر فاعلية للحد منه. ونرى في ذلك ضرورة كبرى، لأن حماية الناجيات، وتعزيز الأمان الرقمي، ومنع هذا النوع من العنف، أمور لا تقل أهمية عن رفاه الأفراد، بل تُعدّ أساسًا لمجتمع أردني أكثر شمولًا، ومساواة، وديمقراطية.

أُجريت هذه الدراسة خلال الفترة من أيار/مايو 2024 إلى شباط/فبراير 2025، ضمن إطار عمل «اتحاد حقوق الإنسان والإدماج» (HRIC) التابع لبرنامج الشراكة الدنماركية العربية (DAPP)، وبالتعاون مع المركز الدنماركي لأبحاث المرأة والنوع الاجتماعي (KVINFO)، وبدعم من وزارة الخارجية الدنماركية.

يرجى ملاحظة أن الآراء والمعلومات الواردة في هذا المنشور لا تعبّر بالضرورة عن الموقف الرسمي لـ KVINFO أو أي من الشركاء الآخرين. تقع مسؤولية المحتوى والآراء المعبر عنها هنا على عاتق المؤلف وحده.

تهدف هذه الدراسة من خلال الاستطلاعات والمقابلات والخرائط التجريبية للبيانات الرقمية من تويتر التحقيق في طبيعة وحيثيات حالات العنف الرقمي في لبنان ورد فعل النساء تجاه ما يتعرضن له من المضايقات والتهديدات، وأشكال متنوعة من الهجوم والاستغلال والتنمر والملاحقات والابتزاز باستخدام الصور أو البيانات أو الحسابات المسروقة..الخ وذلك بسبب جنسهن خلال أنشطتهم على الانترنت.

تهدف هذه الدراسة من خلال الاستطلاعات والمقابلات والخرائط التجريبية للبيانات الرقمية من تويتر التحقيق في طبيعة وحيثيات حالات العنف الرقمي في لبنان ورد فعل النساء تجاه ما يتعرضن له من المضايقات والتهديدات، وأشكال متنوعة من الهجوم والاستغلال والتنمر والملاحقات والابتزاز باستخدام الصور أو البيانات أو الحسابات المسروقة..الخ وذلك بسبب جنسهن خلال أنشطتهم على الانترنت.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى استكشاف العلاقة بين التطرف والعنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي في الأردن، ومن أجل تحديد الروابط المحتملة بين هاتين الظاهرتين تم التركيز على دراسة توجهات النساء على المستوى الشعبي. بشكل عام، كشفت الدراسة عن وجود علاقة وثيقة بين العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي والتطرف. أظهرت النتائج أن المناطق أو المجتمعات التي تسجل نسبًا أعلى من العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي تكون غالبًا أكثر عرضة لاتجاهات التطرف وتأثرًا بها. كما بيّنت الدراسة أن النساء يعتبرن أنفسهن من الفئات الأكثر ضعفًا أمام آثار التطرف، حيث يُعتقد أن الفكر المتطرف يعزز من العنف ضد المرأة، يشجع عليه، ويؤدي إلى زيادة تهميشها وحرمانها من حقوقها في مختلف جوانب حياتها.

تتناول هذه الدراسة البحثية الإطار القانوني والمؤسساتي المحيط بظاهرة العنف الرقمي ضد النساء في الجزائر، من خلال إجراء مسح شامل لجميع القوانين والمؤسسات الجزائرية ذات الصلة. تسلط الدراسة الضوء على الغياب الواضح لإطار قانوني خاص يتناول هذه الظاهرة الناشئة حيث تظهر النتائج نقصًا في التشريعات الحالية وفعالية المؤسسات الموجودة في التعامل بشكل كاف مع العنف الرقمي ضد النساء والفتيات. ردًا على هذه النقائص، تقدم الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات بهدف إرساء منظومة قانونية ومؤسساتية قادرة على مواجهة هذه الظاهرة وحماية النساء والفتيات من هذا النوع المستجد من العنف المسلط على النساء. وفي هذا الإطار تهدف التوصيات المقترحة إلى سد الفجوات الموجودة في المنظومة القانونية والمؤسساتية، لضمان استجابة أكثر فعالية للتحديات التي تطرأ نتيجة للعنف الرقمي ضد النساء، وتعزيز بيئة أكثر أمانًا للنساء والفتيات في الفضاء الرقمي.

تتناول هذه الدراسة البحثية الإطار القانوني والمؤسساتي المحيط بظاهرة العنف الرقمي ضد النساء في الجزائر، من خلال إجراء مسح شامل لجميع القوانين والمؤسسات الجزائرية ذات الصلة. تسلط الدراسة الضوء على الغياب الواضح لإطار قانوني خاص يتناول هذه الظاهرة الناشئة حيث تظهر النتائج نقصًا في التشريعات الحالية وفعالية المؤسسات الموجودة في التعامل بشكل كاف مع العنف الرقمي ضد النساء والفتيات. ردًا على هذه النقائص، تقدم الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات بهدف إرساء منظومة قانونية ومؤسساتية قادرة على مواجهة هذه الظاهرة وحماية النساء والفتيات من هذا النوع المستجد من العنف المسلط على النساء. وفي هذا الإطار تهدف التوصيات المقترحة إلى سد الفجوات الموجودة في المنظومة القانونية والمؤسساتية، لضمان استجابة أكثر فعالية للتحديات التي تطرأ نتيجة للعنف الرقمي ضد النساء، وتعزيز بيئة أكثر أمانًا للنساء والفتيات في الفضاء الرقمي.

تتناول هذه الدراسة الإطار القانوني والمؤسسي للعنف ضد النساء والفتيات الميسّر بالتكنولوجيا في العراق، مع تركيز خاص على الفئات الأكثر عرضة لهذا النوع من الانتهاكات، مثل المدافعات عن حقوق الإنسان، والصحفيات والإعلاميات، والعاملات في الشأن العام وفي منظمات المجتمع المدني. تهدف الدراسة إلى تحليل الظاهرة في بعدها الاجتماعي والقانوني، والكشف عن أوجه القصور في السياسات الوطنية وآليات الحماية، وتقديم توصيات عملية لتعزيز الاستجابة الوطنية وفقاً للمعايير الدولية لحقوق الإنسان.

تحدد التوقعات الاجتماعية والثقافية كيفية استجابة التجربة البحرينية للأضرار الرقمية. يستكشف هذا التقرير البحثي العوامل النفسية والاجتماعية التي ينطوي عليها الإبلاغ عن الجرائم الإلكترونية والآثار الدائمة الناتجة عن الإيذاء.

تحدد التوقعات الاجتماعية والثقافية كيفية استجابة التجربة البحرينية للأضرار الرقمية. يستكشف هذا التقرير البحثي العوامل النفسية والاجتماعية التي ينطوي عليها الإبلاغ عن الجرائم الإلكترونية والآثار الدائمة الناتجة عن الإيذاء.

تحلل هذه الدراسة الآثار النفسية والاجتماعية للعنف الرقمي على النساء والفتيات في الأردن من خلال استقصاء آراء وتجارب أكثر من 500 امرأة، مسلطة الضوء على التفاقم الكبير للعنف الرقمي في السنوات الأخيرة.